Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼ

Home > Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼ > Q&A

Á¦¸ñ ¸¶³à ÀçÆÇ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©/Witch Trials
ÀÛ¼ºÀÚ °ü¸®ÀÚ ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2016-11-01




¸¶³à ÀçÆÇ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©


Áú¹®: ±³È²ÀÌ Áß¼¼ ±â°£¿¡ ¡®¸¶³à ÀçÆÇ¡¯À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¼ö¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á׿´³ª¿ä? (¿¹; Àò ´Ù¸£Å©)


´äº¯: ±¸¾à¿¡¼­ »çÇüÀº ¸¹Àº Áß´ëÇÑ ÁË, ƯÈ÷ ¿ì»ó¼þ¹è, ¶ÇÇÑ °£À½, »ìÀÎ µî¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ½Å¾à¿¡¼­´Â À̺¸´Ù´Â ´õ ÀÚºñ°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö°í ó¹ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁý´Ï´Ù. ¡°ÀúÀÇ ÀÎÀÚ¿Í Àγ»¿Í ÂüÀ»¼ºÀÇ ¹«·®ÇϽÉÀ» °æÈ÷ ¿©±â´À³Ä?¡±(·Î¸¶2:4) ±×·¯³ª »çÇüÀº ÁßÁË¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ÆóÁöµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, õÁÖ Ä£È÷ ±³È¸ ÃÊâ±âºÎÅÍ ¾Æ³ª´Ï¾Æ¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»¸¦ °ÅÁþ¸»°ú ¡®¼º½ÅÀ» ¼ÓÀÎ ÁË¡¯(Á¾µµÇàÀü5:9)·Î ÀÌ »çÇüÁ¦¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿´À½À» º¸¿©ÁֽʴϴÙ. ±×·¯³ª ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ±³ÈÆ¿¡ ÃæÁ÷ÇÑ °¡Å縯±³È¸´Â ÀûÀýÇÑ Á¤ÀǸ¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ±× °è¸íÀ» ½ÇõÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ À־ ¸Å¿ì ½ÅÁßÇÕ´Ï´Ù:¡°ÁË ¾ø´Â ÀÚ¿Í ÀǷοî ÀÚ¸¦ Á×°Ô ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡±(Ãâ¾Ö±Á23;7)


·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÌ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â¿¡, ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ÁÖ±³µé¿¡°Ô °¡¼­ ÁÖ±³µéÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü°ú ÀÚºñ¸¦ ½Å·ÚÇϸ鼭 ÁÖ±³µé¿¡°Ô Á¤ÀǸ¦ ½ÇõÇ϶ó°í ¿ä±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀúÀÛ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀçÆÇÀ» ½ÇÇàÇϴµ¥ ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£À» ÇÒ¾ÖÇÑ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒ¸¸À» Ç¥ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª õÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ¼·¸®´Â ¼ºÀεéÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î ä¿öÁø ¹ý¸®ÇÐÀ» Á¦Á¤Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Àú ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇϼ̽À´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±× ´ç½Ã(4-5¼¼±â) ¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º¿Í °°Àº ¸Å¿ì °Å·èÇÑ ÁÖ±³µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. À¯½ºÆ¼´Ï¾È ¹ý·üÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ ´öÇà¿¡ ¿µÇâ ¹ÞÀº ¿¾ ·Î¸¶ Á¤ÀÇ(ïáëù)¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ´ã°í Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ·Î¸¶ ¹ý·üÀ» Çö´ë¹ý·ü¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼­±¸¿¡¼­, ¹Ù¹Ù¸®¾È (¾ß¸¸Á·) ħ·«À¸·Î ÀÌ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº ´Ù¼Ò ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú°í, ÁÖ±³µé¿¡ ÀÇ¿¡ ¾ðµµµÈ Á¤Àǵµ ÀÌ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô ÁÙ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.


»çÇü¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ¿ì»ó¼þ¹è¸¦ ±ÝÇÏ´Â ¹ý·üÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¡®¹ý·üÀÇ ÁøÇà °úÁ¤¡¯À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ´©±×·¯Á³½À´Ï´Ù. ¼º Àò ´Ù¸£Å©¸¦ °ßÃ¥ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº »·»·ÇÑ ³²¿ë¿¡¼­ Á¶Â÷ ÀÌ·± °ÍÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼º³à¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» º¸È£ÇØÁִ û¿øÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×·¡¼­ ±×´Â ź¿øÀڷμ­ ÃÖ¼±À» ´ÙÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¸î¸î ÀçÆÇ°üµéÀº Àò ´Ù¸£Å©ÀÇ ¹«ÁË¿Í °Å·èÇÔÀ» º¸¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¿Ü±¹ Á¡·É±º´ë (À̶§¿¡´Â ¿µ±¹±º´ë)ÀÇ ¾ÇÇÑ Àǵµ°¡ ±× ¼º³à¸¦ ó¹úÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ±× ÀçÆÇ°üµéÀº ·ç¾Ó(Rouen –³ª(·¹³× ½ÅºÎ)ÀÇ °íÇâ µµ½Ã)¸¦ ¶°³ª±â±îÁö Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ¼º³à¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÃ¥Àº – ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±³È²¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× Áö¿ª ÁÖ±³¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °Í – °á±¹ 1453³â, ź¿øÇÑ ¼º Àò ´Ù¸£Å©ÀÇ ¸ðÄ£¿¡°Ô ±³È²²²¼­ ¹«È¿Ã³ºÐÀ» ³»·ÈÀ½À» ÁÖ¸ñÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.


Áß¼¼½Ã´ë¿¡ ±³È¸ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³²¿ëÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ¼¼¾îº¸ÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±× ¼ö´Â ±ØÈ÷ Àû´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. (¿ªÀÚ ÁÖ: °³½Å±³ÀεéÀº ¸¶³à ÀçÆÇÀÌ Çì¾Æ¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼ö ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á×¾ú´Ù°í °¡Å縯À» ºñÆÇÇÏÁö¸¸, ±ØÈ÷ ÀûÀº »ç·Ê, ƯÈ÷ ¿ÀÁö¿¡¼­¸¸ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ µå·¯³­ »ç½ÇÀÔ´Ï´Ù) Æ¯È÷ ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í°ú °°Àº ±Ù´ë »óȲÀ» ºñ±³ÇØ º¼ ¶§ ±×·¸½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í ¶§¿¡´Â ÀûÀýÇÑ ÀçÆÇ °úÁ¤ ¾øÀÌ ¾à½Ä ÀçÆÇÀ¸·Î (»çÁ¦, ¼ö³àµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ) ¼öõ ¸íÀÌ (Á×À½À̶ó´Â) ó¹úÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³²¿ë¿¡ À־ Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ë ¸ðµç ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø (¸¶³à ÀçÆÇ) Ƚ¼ö´Â ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í ±â°£ÀÇ ¸î ³â¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø Ƚ¼öº¸´Ù Àû¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.


°¡Å縯ÀÌ º¹À½°ú ½Å¾à (½ÉÁö¾î ±¸¾à±îÁöµµ)ÀÌ Áõ¾ðÇÏ´Â °Í °°ÀÌ, ¿ì¸® ÁÖ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­ ¼¼¿ì½Å ±³È¸¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Á¶±Ýµµ »©¾Ñ¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °¡¿îµ¥ °¡Å縯±³È¸ ¾È¿¡´Â À߸øµÈ ¾à°£ÀÇ ³²¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ±ä ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±¸¾àÁ¶Â÷ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³È¸°¡ ¶¥ ³¡±îÁö È®´ëµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Áï, ¿µ±¹(¼º°øȸ)³ª Æú¶õµå(Æú¶õµå ±³È¸) ¶Ç´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ³ª ¿ìÅ©¶ó´Ï¾Æ µî¿¡ ±¹ÇѵÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ¡®º¸ÆíÀû, ¸¸±¹ÀÇ,¡¯ ±³È¸°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó¸é¼­ µµ³ªÅõ½ºÆÄ¿Í ³íÀïÀ» ¹ú¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ½Å¾àÀº ¿ì¸® ÁÖ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­ º£µå·Î À§¿¡ ±³È¸¸¦ ¼³¸³Çϼ̴ٴ »ç½ÇÀ» Áõ¾ðÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÁÖ´Ô²²¼­ ±³È¸¿Í ÇÔ²² ¡°¸ðµç ³¯, ½ÉÁö¾î ¼¼»ó Á¾¸» ¶§±îÁö¡±(¸¶Å׿À28:20) ÇÔ²² ÇϽø®¶ó°í ¾à¼ÓÇϼ̽À´Ï´Ù.


½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿ì¸® ÁÖ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­´Â Ä£È÷ ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ±×¹°¿¡´Â ¸î ¸¶¸®ÀÇ ³ª»Û ¹°°í±âµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çϼ̽À´Ï´Ù:¡°Ãµ±¹Àº ¸¶Ä¡, ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ ±×¹°À» Ä¡°í ¸ðµç »ý¼±ÀÇ ·ù(Á¾·ù)¸¦ ´Ù ÀâÀ»»õ, ±×¹°ÀÌ ¸¶Ä¡ °¡µæÇϸÅ, ²ø¾î³»¾î ¾ð´ö¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼­ ÁÁÀº °ÍÀº ±×¹°¿¡ °¡¸®¾î ´ã°í, ¾ð¨Àº °ÍÀº ¹Û¿¡ ³»¾î ¹ö¸²°ú °°À¸´Ï¡°(¸¶Å׿À13:47-48) ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ¹ç¿¡´Â °¡¶óÁöµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó Çϼ̽À´Ï´Ù. ¼º Ä¡ÇÁ¸®¾Æ³ë, ¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º ¹× °°Àº ¸¹Àº ±³ºÎµéÀº õÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ¼·¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù:¡°Ãß¼öÇÒ ¶§±îÁö µÑ ´Ù ÀÚ¶ó±â¸¦ ¹ö·ÁµÎ¶ó¡±(¸¶Å׿À13:30) ±³ºÎµé ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸® ÁÖ´Ô²²¼­, ¡°´ç½Å ¼Õ¿¡ Å°¸¦ µå½Ã°í ±× ¸¶´ç¿¡ ŸÀÛÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸»°²°Ô ±îºÒ¾î, ±× ¹ÐÀº â°í¿¡ °ÅµÎ¾î ½×À¸½Ã°í °ËºÒÀº ¼Ò¸êÄ¡ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Â ºÒ¿¡ »ç¸£½Ã¸®¶ó.¡±(¸¶Å׿À3;12)¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÕ´Ï´Ù. °á±¹ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ (¿©·¯ Á¾Æĵé, ÀÌ´Ü) Çö»óÀº ¼¼»ó Á¾¸» ¶§±îÁö Áö¼ÓµÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×·³¿¡µµ ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ Å»°îÀå¿¡µµ °ËºÒÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º²²¼­ Á¦´ë·Î ¸»¾¸ÇϽñæ, ¼¼»ó Á¾¸» Àü±îÁö (°¡Å縯)±³È¸, ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ Å»°îÀåÀ» ¸î¸îÀÌ ¶°³­´Ù¸é, ±×·³À¸·Î½á ±³È¸¸¦ ¶°³­ ±×´Â ÁÁÀº °î½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °ËºÒ¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
 

Witch Trials


Q   During the Middle Age did the Popes kill too many people through ¡°witch trials¡±(ex: St Joan of Arc)?


A   In the Old Testament, the penalty of death was clearly set for many grave sins, first of all for idolatry, but also for adultery, murder, etc. In the New Testament, a greater mercy is offered, and time for penance is given (¡°Knowest thou not, that the benignity of God leadeth thee to penance?¡± Rom. 2:4). However, the penalty of death is not removed for the greater sins, and God Himself showed it from the very beginning of the Church, by putting to death Ananias and his wife for lying and ¡°tempting the Spirit of the Lord¡± (Act. 5:9). But the Catholic Church, faithful to the Lord¡¯s precept, is very careful to provide proper justice and to fulfil the Commandment: ¡°The innocent and just person thou shalt not put to death¡± (Ex. 23:7).

 
At the time of the failure of the Roman Empire, the faithful went to the bishops to ask them to exercise justice, trusting in their judgement and mercy. St Augustine complaints in his writings about the amount of time he had to spend in exercising such judgements. But Divine Providence used that in order to establish a jurisprudence filled with the spirit of the Saints: indeed at that time (4th – 5th century), there were very many holy bishops (such as St Augustine). The Code of Justinian contains much of the ancient Roman justice influenced with Christian virtues, and still has some influence on modern laws. Though in the West, due to the invasion of the Barbarians, it had less influence, justice rendered by the bishops would be very similar.

 
There were laws against idolatry, with penalty of death, but tempered by a ¡°due process of law¡±. One can see it even in the blatant abuses such as the condemnation of St Joan of Arc: she had been given a solicitor to defend her, and he did his best. Some of the judges even left the city (of Rouen, my city) when they saw clearly her innocence and holiness and the evil intent of the foreign occupiers (in that case, the British) to get her condemned. Note that her condemnation – which was not by the pope but only by the local bishop – was eventually annulled by the Pope in 1453 to whom St Joan¡¯s mother had appealed.

 

If one wants to count the abuses of Church justice during the Middle Ages, one would find their number very little, especially in comparison with some more modern situations, such as the French Revolution, where people were condemned by the thousands in summary judgements, with no proper trial. During all the years of the Middle Ages together there would be less abuses of justice than during the few years of the French Revolution!

  
That there be some abuses in the Catholic Church in no way take away from her the fact that she is The Church founded by our Lord Jesus Christ, as the Gospel and the New Testament (and even the Old Testament) testifies. Indeed St Augustine argues against the Donatists that even the Old Testament testifies that the Church Christ would found would extend to the extremities of the earth, i.e. would be ¡°Catholic, universal¡±, not just reduced to England (¡°Anglicanism¡±) or Poland (¡°Polish church¡±), or Russia, or Ukraine, etc. The New Testament gives testimony to the fact our Lord Jesus Christ had found a Church upon Peter (Mt. 16:18), and He promised to be with her ¡°all days, even to the consummation of the world¡± (Mt. 28:20).

  
Indeed our Lord Jesus Christ Himself had announced that there would be some bad fishes in the Lord¡¯s nest: ¡°the kingdom of heaven is like to a net cast into the sea, and gathering together of all kind of fishes, which, when it was filled, they drew out, and sitting by the shore, they chose out the good into vessels, but the bad they cast forth¡± (Mt. 13:47-48). He had announced that there would be cockle in his field: (Mt. 13:24-40). The Fathers of the Church, such as St Cyprian, St Augustine and many others, insist on the fact that Divine Providence wanted it so: ¡°Suffer both to grow until the harvest¡± (Mt. 13:30)! They also pointed out that our Lord ¡°will thoroughly cleanse his floor and gather his wheat into the barn; but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire¡± (Mt. 3:12). Evidently this will be at the end of the world: in the meantime, there is still some chaff in the Lord¡¯s threshing-floor. St Augustine rightly says that if someone leaves the Church, the Lord¡¯s threshing-floor before the end, he proves thereby that he is chaff and not good wheat!